The article reveals the essence of the human resources concept and its relevance at the stage of development of the knowledge economy. The given examples prove urgent need for formation and development of human resources to improve the competitiveness of the domestic economy. The autor examines the relationship and interdependence of human resources and economic security and highlights the threats to the economic security of Russia directly related to the development of human resources. The article also covers the basic principles and requisite conditions to neutralize these threats and improve the economic security of Russia.