The high level of import dependency of the Russian economy causes the need to develop and implement measures to overcome it, as well as to analyze the factors that impede this process. This paper highlights the main objectives of import substitution policy from the standpoint of structuralist and non-Keynesian theories. Some foreign and Russian experience in this field is briefly considered. It is shown that, despite the active actions of the Russian government, the level of imports decreases at a low rate. The author considers the fundamental problems hampering effective implementation of this policy in developing countries, such as: a strong influence of political interests on the economy, the inflexibility of the state apparatus, the influence of the interests of small groups for the distribution of the allocated resources, the need to meet the demands of the electorate, the complexity of the restructuring of the economy and structure of human capital and the problem of network effects.
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