The fundamental goal of the study is to determine the shape of the oil and gas industry and its key technological directions in the framework of formation of new technological modes of social development. In order to solve this task, we analyze the existing approaches to the definition of technological modes; we identify the place of technological modes of social development in the system of economic categories; we analyze the periodization of their formation and distribution, and identify the basic development technologies. On the basis of the analysis we determine the character of the existing link between innovation and cyclical economic development, highlight the key factor (driver) of economic growth at the present stage of social development, which includes the development of technologies (technological progress). The paper identifies trends affecting the formation of technological structures at the present stage.
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