Russian business is considered in the context of economic safety. It has been proved that the recent crisis that followed after the first signs of stabilization of the Russian economy and the need for an immediate solution of certain social problems make institutional changes necessary and create opportunities for effective public-private partnership. The author believes that one of the essential problems of the domestic economy is the needed increase of the financial costs efficiency. Liquidation of inefficient federal special-purpose programs is also of great importance. The author states that the improvement of innovation activities management, state’s active participation in forming of the demand for innovations, governmental support of enterprises using innovations and control over the use of the state-provided resources will facilitate the increase of the economic growth rate, provide the necessary level of the economic safety and improve the life quality of citizens.